Samstag, 6. Februar 2016

Campbell-Bannerman Report 1907


Quelle
„Großbritannien rief zur Bildung eines Hochkomitees auf, das sich aus Vertretern sieben europäischer Staaten zusammensetzte. 1907 wur­de dem britischen Premierminister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman der Bericht dieses Komitees unterbreitet. Darin hieß es, die arabischen Länder und die mus­limisch-arabische Bevölkerung, die im Osmanischen Reich lebte, stellten für die europäischen Staaten eine massive Bedrohung dar; folgende Vorgehensweisen wurden empfohlen:

1) Zerfall, Teilungen und Abspaltungen in der Region zu fördern.

2) Künstliche politische Einheiten zu schaffen und sie der Kontrolle der impe­rialistischen Länder zu unterstellen.

3) Jede Art von Einheit zu bekämpfen, sei sie intellektuell, religiös oder histo­risch fundiert und praktische Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, um die Einwohner der Region zu spalten.

4) Zu diesem Zweck einen „Pufferstaat“ in Palästina zu schaffen, in dem eine starke ausländische Bevölkerungsgruppe leben sollte, die ihren Nachbarn feindlich gesinnt und den europäischen Staaten und deren Interessen gegen­über positiv eingestellt sein würde.“

 (zit. nach: Peace Research Institute in the Middle East - Berghof Conflict Research, Das Historische Narrativ des Anderen kennen lernen - Palästinenser und Israelis, März 2003)

 

"Für Europa würden wir dort ein Stück des Walles gegen Asien bilden, wir würden den Vorpostendienst der Kultur gegen die Barbarei besorgen."
(Theodor Herzel, Der Judenstaat, 1896, in: im Kapitel: Allgemeiner Teil: Palästina oder Argentinien?)

 „Warum sollten die Araber Frieden schließen? Wäre ich ein arabischer Führer, würde ich niemals mit Israel verhandeln. Das ist ganz natürlich: Wir haben deren Land genommen. Sicher, Gott hat es uns versprochen, aber was geht die das an? Unser Gott ist nicht deren Gott. Wir stammen aus Israel, aber das ist 2000 Jahre her, und was interessiert die das? Es gab Antisemitismus, die Nazis, Hitler, Auschwitz, aber war das deren Schuld? Das Einzige, was die sehen ist: Wir kamen her und stahlen ihr Land. Warum sollten die das akzeptieren?“
(Ben Gurion, erster Premierminister Israels, in: Das jüdische Paradox: Eine persönliche Erinnerung von Nahum Goldmann; Ex-Präsident des Jüdischen Weltkongress; Frankfurt 1988).

2. Das Grunddilemma

Diese drei Eingangsstatements skizzieren das Grunddilemma des Israel-Palästina-Konflikts: Der Zionismus speist sich aus der Leidensgeschichte des jüdischen Volkes, die in der Massenvernichtung durch den Nationalsozialismus kulminierte. Die Durchsetzung des Ziels, einen eigenen jüdischen Staat zu errichten, gelang letztlich nur im Bündnis mit dem westlichen (zunächst britischen) Imperialismus, dem es wohl zu allerletzt um die Sicherheit der Juden und zu allererst um die Kontrolle dieser strategischen Region ging.

Das Opfer dieser Allianz waren die PalästinenserInnen, deren Land Schritt für Schritt geraubt, die zur Flucht oder zu einem Leben unter Besatzung und Blockade gezwungen wurden. Auf ihrem Rücken exkulpier(t)en sich die Machthaber in Deutschland und Österreich von den Gräuel des Holocaust. Die USA haben nach dem 2. Weltkrieg Großbritannien und Frankreich als Hegemon und Unterstützer Israels in dieser Region abgelöst. Neuerdings entspinnen sich immer engere Beziehungen zwischen den nach rechts abdriftenden israelischen Eliten und den zur Großmacht drängenden deutschen Eliten. Deutschland ist nach den USA zum zweitgrößten Waffenlieferanten Israels aufgestiegen. Eine wechselseitige Instrumentalisierung der besonders schaurigen Art deutet sich an: Eine rechtsaußen Regierung in Israel spricht Deutschland von der Last der Vergangenheit frei, damit Berlin ohne die verbrecherische Bürde des 20. Jahrhunderts Großmachtspolitik im 21. betreiben zu können; Deutschland verspricht im Gegenzug – und unter Verweis auf die besondere Verantwortung Deutschlands - dem Apartheid-Regime in Israel Schutz und Beistand angesichts einer erlahmenden US-Dominanz in Nahost.

Auch wenn sich also in den letzten Jahrzehnten vieles geändert hat, die „Teile-und-Herrsche“-Grundkonstellation hat sich nahtlos erhalten: Israel als enger Verbündeter des Westens, dem einerseits sämtliche Völker- und Menschenrechtsvergehen nicht nur nachgesehen sondern mit überbordender Waffenhilfe goutiert werden, das sich andererseits aber gerade auf Grund dieser Einbindung in endlose Feindseligkeiten mit der arabischen/muslimischen Welt verstrickt und dadurch umso abhängiger von westlicher Rückendeckung wird. Das hält Israel an der Leine, die PalästinenserInnen unter der Knute und damit die Region unter Kontrolle von USA und EU. Nebenbei ergeben sich vorzügliche Absatzmärkte für die Rüstungsindustrie, die sowohl Israel als auch die erzreaktionären islamistischen Diktaturen am Golf bedient. Der Motor des „war on terror“ und „clash of civilization“ kann kräftig weiter brummen. Selbst der traditionell antisemitische Rechtsextremismus in Europa – von HC Strache bis Anders Breivik -  beschwört mittlerweile Israel als den „Hort westlicher Zivilisation“ gegen die „islamische Barbarei“. 

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“There are people (the Arabs, Editor’s Note) who control spacious territories teeming with manifest and hidden resources. They dominate the intersections of world routes. Their lands were the cradles of human civilizations and religions. These people have one faith, one language, one history and the same aspirations. No natural barriers can isolate these people from one another … if, per chance, this nation were to be unified into one state, it would then take the fate of the world into its hands and would separate Europe from the rest of the world. Taking these considerations seriously, a foreign body should be planted in the heart of this nation to prevent the convergence of its wings in such a way that it could exhaust its powers in never-ending wars. It could also serve as a springboard for the West to gain its coveted objects.”
From the Campbell-Bannerman Report, 1907
——
“Imperialist Britain called for forming a higher committee of seven European countries. The report submitted in 1907 to British Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman emphasized that the Arab countries and the Muslim-Arab people living in the Ottoman Empire presented a very real threat to European countries, and it recommended the following actions:
1. To promote disintegration, division, and separation in the region.
2. To establish artificial political entities that would be under the authority of the imperialist countries.
3. To fight any kind of unity—whether intellectual, religious or historical —and taking practical measures to divide the region’s inhabitants.
4. To achieve this, it was proposed that a “buffer state” be established in Palestine, populated by a strong, foreign presence that would be hostile to its neighbours and friendly to European countries and their interests.”

As the report was strategically important it was suppressed, and was never released to the public up till today's date. But lawyer Antoine Canaan referred to it in a lecture entitled "Palestine and the Law," which he delivered in 1949 in the universities of Florence and Paris, and in 1957 the Union of Arab Lawyers published it under the same title. Arab historians' and researchers' points of view differed on whether the document actually existed until the matter was confirmed by the well informed Egyptian writer Muhammad Hasanin Haikal. Haikal mentioned the final recommendation in his book "Secret Negotiations Between the Arabs and Israel" (Page 110). It seems that the report had never been officially released before now due to its importance and gravity.

At the time the Arab homeland was divided into European colonies and Ottoman territories, while the Zionist movement had already achieved considerable success in immigration to Palestine and colonizing parts of it, especially with the unlimited British support extended to the Zionist movement in this and other fields, and the collusion of the ruling Turkish group
of "Unity and Advancement" in the Ottoman Empire at the time; after their deposition of the Ottoman Caliph Abdul Al-Hamid II in 1908, and appointing Muhammad Rashad to replace him as Sultan, but in name without powers. A specialist in the British Ministry of Colonialism, Side Potam, decided that there is no better choice than the Jews to perform this colonialist task, because (the British were not ready to perform the task as they did earlier in Canada and Australia.

Along with supporting Jewish emigration and colonization in Palestine, the United Kingdom and France concluded the "Sykes Picot Agreement" in 1916 dividing the Fertile Crescent into four states, Palestine, Transjordan and Iraq as England's share, and Syria and Lebanon to be France's share (The French wanted to have Palestine, but the British insisted on it, of course for establishing a Jewish homeland in it – translator's note), to be followed in 1917 by the Balfour Declaration which
was approved by President Wilson along with the French and Italian governments and the Vatican, thus making it an international promise, and not simply a British promise. Palestine was later put under a British mandate and a deed in this regard was issued by the League of Nations, which was unanimously passed. The deed stated that Palestine shall be put under British political and economic administration, which shall insure the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. There was no consideration of Palestinian Arabs as a people that have political rights; they were considered merely religious sects with only civil and religious rights.
  
The British government, from 1917 to 1947, did not allow the establishment of a constitutional system in Palestine, while it granted Zionists autonomy and a role in the decision making along with the mandate authorities on all levels; while it was stirring controversies among Arab cities' dignitaries and rural Arab clannishness, and making use of its relations with Arab regimes to abort the Palestinian Arab patriotic movement, as was the case during the great 1936 Palestinian Arab strike. And since the establishment of the League of Arab States in 1945 it monopolized, within its territorial regimes, the upper hand in relation to whatever concerned the Arab Zionist struggle. When Great Britain referred the problem to the United Nations in 1947, both the capitalist camp under the leadership of the United States, and the communist bloc under the leadership of the Soviet Union supported the partition of Palestine and provided Zionists with fighters and arms. Then it is clearly evident, that there was a continuous international decision to put into effect Benirman's suggestions to abort any efficient Arab activism in this strategically important region of the world.
In viewing the Arab scene 100 years after Bannerman, we find that Arab intellectuals are divided into two contradicting trends: The first trend says that American administration has a strong hold on Arab history, as it has the final word in drafting Arab decision-making in all fields and on all levels, because Arabs lost their national referential authority as a result of Egypt's losing its historic role, and the inability of any other Arab power to fill the vacuum which Sadat created as a result of withdrawing from its stance in the Arab Zionist struggle. Among those who follow this trend are those who go to the extent of declaring that the Arab nation died, thus the light of Arab unity was extinguished, if not to say that Arabs had gone out of history.

The other Arab trend establishes its viewing to the Arab scene on what is static in our history, saying that people's struggle, and specifically the struggle of nations against invaders and despots, is a struggle of wills, and as long as the Arab people's will is
still alive in resisting occupation and rejecting subjugation it is neither defeated nor subjugated. On the contrary the achievements of resistance in Iraq, Lebanon and Palestine, as well as the political and social movement in most Arab countries, are promising symptoms. And as the Vinograd Report had uncovered the faltering Zionist alarming failures in its aggression on Lebanon, Zbigniew Brzezinski said in April 2007: If the 1956 Suez defeat ended the era of old colonialism, Iraqi resistance had laid to rest the American stage in the Middle East, and there are people who say that Arab resistance started to have a strong hold on American history, not only in its influence on the last midterm congressional elections, but it influenced American foreign policy in forming an American public opinion, which is different from the conditions prevailing after the turning of the black Vietnam page.


Source:  Al-Khaleej – UAE

Original article published on May 11, 2007

Adib S. Kawar is a member of Tlaxcala, the network of translators for linguistic diversity. This translation may be reprinted as long as the content remains unaltered, and the source, author, translator and reviser are cited.

URL of this article on Tlaxcala: http://www.tlaxcala.es/pp.asp?reference=4652&lg=en